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Venkateswara Rao, T.
- Review: Transdermal Patch
Abstract Views :583 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.T), Andhra Pradesh, IN
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.T), Andhra Pradesh, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Technology, Vol 5, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 12-16Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) or “patches,” are dosage forms designed to deliver effective amount of drug across a patient’s skin. In order to deliver therapeutic agents through the human skin for systemic effects, the comprehensive morphological, biophysical and physicochemical properties of the skin are to be considered. Transdermal delivery is advantageous over injectables and oral routes by increasing patient compliance and avoiding first pass metabolism respectively. Several important advantages of transdermal drug delivery are limitation of hepatic first pass metabolism, enhancement of therapeutic efficiency and maintenance of steady plasma level of the drug. The evidence of percutaneous drug absorption found through measurable blood levels of the drug, detectable excretion of the drug and its metabolites in the urine and through the clinical response of the patient to the administered drug therapy.Keywords
TDDS, Evaluations.References
- Rhaghuram reddy k, Muttalik S and Reddy S. Once – daily sustained- release matrix tablets of nicorandil: formulation and invitro evaluation. AAPS Pharm.Sci.Tech. 2003;4:4.
- Shaila L, Pandey S and Udupa N. Design and evaluation of matrix type membrane controlled Transdermal drug delivery system of nicotin suitable for use in smoking cessation. Indian Journ. Pharm. Sci. 2006;68: 179-184
- Aarti N, Louk A.R.M.P, Russsel.O.P and Richard H.G. Mechanism of oleic acid induced skin permeation enhancement in vivo in humans. Jour. control. Release 1995; 37: 299-306.
- Wade A and Weller P.J. Handbook of pharmaceutical Excipients. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Publishing Association 1994; 362-366.
- Lec S.T, Yac S.H, Kim S.W and Berner B. One way membrane for Transdermal drug delivery systems / system optimization. Int. J Pharm. 1991; 77: 231 - 237.
- Vyas S.P and Khar R.K. Targetted and controlled Drug Delivery Novel carrier system1st Ed., CBS Publishers and distributors, New Delhi, 2002; 411- 447.
- Singh J, Tripathi K.T and SakiaT.R. Effect of penetration enhancers on the invitro transport of ephedrine through rate skin and human epidermis from matrix based Transdermal formulations. Drug Dev.Ind. Pharm. 1993; 19: 1623-1628.
- Wade A, Weller P.J. Handbook of pharmaceutical Excipients Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Publishing Association; 1994: 362- 366
- Application of Electrical Imaging for Borehole Siting in Hardrock Regions of India
Abstract Views :186 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TI, GB
2 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad.- 500 007, IN
1 University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TI, GB
2 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad.- 500 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 61, No 2 (2003), Pagination: 147-158Abstract
Much of the seventy five percent of India that is underlain by shallow granitic and gneissic basement suffers from a shortage of water, but it is precisely these areas where siting successful boreholes for water supply is a difficult problem. Geophysical methods, especially resistivity sounding, are commonly employed to improve the drilling success rate, but the techniques are time consuming, subject to considerable ambiguity and still have scope for considerable improvement. In the Dindigul area of Tamil Nadu, we have tested new electrical tomography (imaging) techniques to provide detailed 'pictures' of the sub-surface that show variations in bedrock topography and the nature and thickness of the overburden. The resulting images can be used to plan borehole investigations more cost effectively.Keywords
Electrical Imaging, Potential Boreholes, Hard Rock Region, Kodaganar River Basin, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu.- Formulation and Evaluation of Ibuprofen Solid-Dispersions Prepared by Solvent Evaporation Technique
Abstract Views :186 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh, IN
Source
Research Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 4, No 1 (2012), Pagination: 22-27Abstract
Solid dispersion is the science of dispersing one (or) more active ingredients in an inert carriers (or) matrix at solid state prepared by melting solvent method (or) solvent evaporation method. Sparingly water soluble drugs often show an erratic dissolution profile in gastrointestinal fluids which consequently results variable oral bio-availability. To improve the dissolution and bioavailability of these drugs, various techniques such as solvent evaporation method, melting method, super critical fluid process, spray drying, lyophilisation, melt agglomeration, extrusion kneading method. The various inert carriers such as acids, polymeric materials, insoluble (or) enteric polymers, surfactants etc. PEG, PVP, lactose, Mannitol, Cyclodextrins and HPMC were used to increased solubility. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions of ibuprofen were prepared to increase its aqueous solubility using carriers such as mannitol, urea, and sorbitol. Ibuprofen solid dispersions were prepared in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 ratios of the drug to carriers (w/w). The prepared solid dispersion were evaluated for physical parameters like Angle of repose, Bulk density, Carr’s index, Hausner ratio and Invitro drug release studies. Invitro drug release profile of solid dispersions were comparatively evaluated and also studied against pure Ibuprofen. Higher dissolution rate were exhibited by solid dispersions containing 1:3 ratio of Ibuprofen with urea, the rate of drug release was depended on the type, ratio of drug to carrier and method of dispersions.Keywords
Solid Dispersions, Ibuprofen, Carriers, Solvent Evaporation Method.- Formulation and Evaluation of Bilayered Buccal Adhesive Tablets of Carvedilol
Abstract Views :151 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
Source
Research Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 3, No 6 (2011), Pagination: 335-339Abstract
Carvedilol is a non selective α and β receptor blocker which undergoes extensive hepatic first pass metabolism by liver and has poor oral bioavailability of 25% - 30%. In the present investigation Carvedilol was formulated as a bilayered buccal adhesive tablets in order to avoid the firstpass effect and decrease the drug loss using different polymers and excipients. Twelve formulations were made using different concentrations (17%w/w, 35%w/w, 53%w/w) of Carbopol934P, HPMC (3500-6000cps), HPC and Guar gum. The formulations were tested for %weight variation, hardness, Friability, %Drug content, in-vitro drug release, surface pH, Swelling index and Mucoadhesive strength. Mucoadhesive strength was determined by the modified balance method in grams and was found to be between 27.75±0.234gm to 75.94±0.146gm and Surface pH was found to be 7. In-vitro release studies revealed that as polymer concentration increases from 17% to 53%w/w, rate of drug release was retarded and the data was fitted into pharmacokinetic models. Among all other formulations, formulations (F4,F8 and F11) containing 17%w/w HPMC, 35%w/wHPC and 35%w/w Guar gum were found to be best as the release was retarded upto 8.5 hours and they have good mucoadhesive strength and they follow zero order with non-fickian diffusion mechanism.Keywords
Bilayered Buccal Tablets, Carvedilol, Carbopol934P, HPMC, HPC, Guar Gum.- Design and Development of Bilayer Floating Tablets of Diltiazem Hydrochloride
Abstract Views :187 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
2 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
2 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Technology, Vol 3, No 6 (2011), Pagination: 304-309Abstract
Diltiazem hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker which undergoes extensive hepatic first pass metabolism by liver; its absorption from upper part of GIT is very low and has poor oral bioavailability of 40% - 60%. In the present investigation Diltiazem Hydrochloride was formulated as a bilayer floating tablets in order to achieve the Gastric residence time and to minimize the flactuations in blood level i.e the drug was released from the SR layer. Bilayer floating tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. Immediate release layer was formulated by using various suerdisintegrantents such as sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone and sustained release layer was formulated by different grades hydrophilic polymers i.e. HPMCK4M, HPMCE5 and HPMCK100M.The drug- excipient compatibility studies were conducted by IR spectroscopy. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation hardness, friability, drug content, swelling index, in-vitro buoyancy studies and in-vitro dissolution studies. The drug was released from an immediate release layer was 20mins followed by sustained release layer for 12hrs.The dissolution data were fitted into zero order, first order, Higuchi and Peppas mechanism. The drug release from the formulation F20 followed first order kinetics and exhibited Peppas transport mechanism.Keywords
Diltiazem Hydrochloride, SSG, Croscarmellose Sodium, Crosovidone, HPMCK4M, HMCE5, HPMCK100M.- Design and Development of Sustained Release Bilayered Tablets of Glipizide
Abstract Views :221 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Technology, Vol 4, No 1 (2012), Pagination: 24-31Abstract
Glipizide, a second generation sulfonylurea is effective in controlling the blood glucose in patients with Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. As Glipizide possess short biological half life (2-4 hrs), the concept of Bilayered tablet technology was used to formulate Glipizide as Sustained release tablet formulation. In order to overcome the disproportionate release of drug during intial period in case of general sustained release tablet formulations the concept of Bilayered tablets was utilized. Moreover by fabricating drugs in the form of Bilayered tablets, one can improve the Cmax and the speed of appearance of the drug in patient. Bilayered tablets formulated through Direct Compression was comprised of immediate, sustained release layers were formulated and evaluated through %Weight variation, Hardness, Friability, %Drug content, Swelling index and In-vitro drug release studies. 30% of the drug present in the immediate release layer was released within first 20 minutes and the remaining 70% of the drug release was sustained based on the polymer selected. The formulation comprised of HPC and HPMC as the polymers sustained the drug release for 12hrs and was found to be the best formulations.Keywords
Bilayered Tablets, Glipizide, PVP K-30, Spray Dried Lactose, HPC, HPMC.- Design and Development of Mucoadhesive Microcapsule of Aceclofenac for Oral Controlled Release by Ionic-Gelation Technique
Abstract Views :196 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN